New Zealand pigeon
Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (Gmelin, 1789)
New Zealand status: Endemic
Conservation status: Not Threatened
The sound of a Wood Pigeon, recorded along the Royal Canal west of Clonsilla, Dublin, Ireland. Recorded on the 6th of June 1988, early in the morning. Equipment used. A Sennheiser microphone and an Uher 4200 analogue tape recorder. Wood Pigeons, warblers and chaffinches are among the summer birdsong from a mature beech woodland in Britain.
Other names: kererū, kereru, kukupa, kuku, wood pigeon, native pigeon, kokopa
Wood Pigeon Sound
New Zealand pigeon. Adult perched in tree. Wanganui, August 2008. Image © Ormond Torr by Ormond Torr
This large and distinctively-coloured pigeon is a familiar sight to many New Zealanders. This is because the New Zealand pigeon (or kereru) has a widespread distribution through the country, being present in extensive tracts of native forest, and rural and urban habitats, including most cities. As well as allowing close approach, it often roosts conspicuously, such as on powerlines or on the tops of trees. The distinctive sound of its wing beats in flight also draws attention. Kereru also frequently feature on works of art, such as paintings and sculptures. However, even though it is widespread, like many forest birds its abundance is severely compromised by introduced mammals, particularly possums, stoats and ship rats. Only where these pests are not present (predator-free islands) or are controlled to low levels do kereru populations thrive.
Identification
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Although there is some individual variation, in general the upper parts of adult kereru are blue-green, with a purple-bronze iridescence on the neck, mantle and coverts of the wings. The underparts are white with a sharp demarcation between the white and blue-green on the upper breast. The bill colouration is quite variable, from uniformly red, but often having a paler red or even orangey tip, and feet and eyes crimson. Fledglings and juveniles have duller plumage, and often the white chest is smudgy white-grey, and the demarcation between dark and white feathering is ragged and may have a narrow border of cinnamon wash over the upper white feathers.
Voice: kereru are generally silent except for occasional ‘oos'. Brief, moderate volume ‘oos' are given when alarmed, such as a harrier flying close by, and longer, low volume ‘oooooos', with a rising tone towards the end given as contact calls, often repeated several times.
There is no other species in New Zealand that looks similar to the New Zealand pigeon, apart from the Chatham Island pigeon, which is confined to the Chatham Islands.
Distribution
Kereru are widespread through the country from Northland to Stewart Island, and on some offshore islands that have suitable forest / shrubland habitats.
Habitat
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Kereru inhabit a wide variety of forest types: podocarp-broadleaf forest, beech forest, second growth native forest regenerating after logging, small forest remnants, and exotic plantations (especially those with an understorey and/or stream-sides of native shrubs and trees). They also occur in farmland shelterbelts, urban parks, and rural and suburban gardens.
Population
Kereru are widespread through the country, and are seasonally common at some locations where they gather in moderate-sized feeding flocks (20-50 birds, and rarely over 100).
Pigeon game download. Feels like the perfect way to go in adapting Mo Willems's Pigeon character for the app world. The app also contains a clear and easy lesson on how to draw Willems's famous Pigeon. DON'T LET THE PIGEON RUN THIS APP! Rather than simply turn one of the Pigeon books into an app, the developers chose to let kids help craft their own Pigeon stories.
Threats and conservation
Although a major issue for conservation of the kereru in the early 1900s, habitat loss probably has little impact on regional populations today. The main threat to kereru is predation by introduced mammalian predators, particularly feral cats, possums, stoats and ship rats, especially when nesting. Other mortality factors include collisions with fast moving vehicles, overhead power and telephone wires and windows, electrocution when perched on some power poles, and illegal hunting. Where pest populations are removed (offshore islands, exclusion fenced areas) or controlled to very low levels kereru populations have increased markedly.
Breeding
Kereru have been recorded breeding in all months, but most eggs are laid in September-April. Pigeons in native forest have been recorded not breeding when little or no fruit was available. The nest is a platform of dead twigs, and a single egg is laid. In general, females incubate from late afternoon until mid-morning, when the male takes over. The chick is brooded constantly until it is about 10 days old and well covered with feathers. From then until fledging at about 35-40 days of age, it is left alone by day, with the occasional brief visit by a parent to feed it. When fruit is readily available, pairs are able to have overlapping nesting attempts; a large chick in one nest and an egg being incubated in another. Pairs that have failed nesting attempts (due to predators, poor nest construction or a storm) often re-nest within a week or two.
Behaviour and ecology
Wood Pigeon Sound Downloads
During the non-breeding season, kereru can be fairly inconspicuous, feeding and then roosting under a thick canopy for sometimes hours at a time. In the breeding season, they can be just the opposite, perching on top of trees and males giving frequent display flights at the start of a nesting cycle. Pigeon planner 0.8 2 free download. While not a territorial species, an individual will defend a food tree against other pigeons attempting to feed in it too. Fights involve hitting each other with their wings while flapping about in flight and moving only a metre or two.
While some individuals can spend weeks or months living within an area of a few hectares, such periods can be interspersed with long-distance flights to reach seasonal food sources. For example, one satellite-tagged Southland pigeon travelled at least 480 km during a 100-day period, involving four crossings of Foveaux Strait. A few tagged pigeons in Taranaki flew up to 60 km to reach autumn fruit sources. Thus the species is able to travel between suburbia, remnant forest patches, extensive tracts of native forest and other habitats in their quest for seasonally available foods. Combined with the kereru's large size (and hence large mouth-width) and diet of fruit, these landscape-scale movements make kereru the most important vector for the transfer of seeds between widely-spaced fragments of native forest.
Food
Foods include buds, leaves, flowers and fruit from a wide variety species, both native and exotic. In addition, they have been seen feeding on the fruiting bodies of the parasitic strawberry fungus Cyttaria gunnii found in beech forest. While most foods are taken while clambering about on vines, shrubs and trees, at a few locations kereru spend time on the ground feeding on clover and possibly other herbs. While ripe fruit seems to be the preferred food, in most regions fruit is not available year round, and so kereru then feed on leaves. Important leaf sources include those of kowhai, tree lucerne, broom, willows, elms and poplars.
Websites
Kereru Discovery http://www.kererudiscovery.org.nz/
Project Kereru http://www.projectkereru.org.nz/
Kereru Awhina Project http://www.kereru.org.nz
Kereru Taonga PowerPoint presentation http://www.slideserve.com/oro/kereru-he-taonga-tuku-iho
Game pigeon 8 ball red dot. References
Clout, M. 1990. The kereru and its forests. Birds International 2: 11-19.
Clout, M.N.; Karl, B.J.; Pierce, R.J.; Robertson, H.A. 1995. Breeding and survival of New Zealand pigeons Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae. Ibis 137: 264-271.
Emeny, M.T.; Powlesland, R.G.; Henderson, I.M.; Fordham, R.A. 2009. Feeding ecology of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) in podocarp-hardwood forest, Whirinaki Forest Park, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 33: 114-124.
Heather, B.D.; Robertson, H.A. 2005. The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Viking, Auckland.
Higgins, P.J.; Davies, S.J.J.F. (Eds.) 1996. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Vol. 3, snipe to pigeons. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Powlesland, R.; Miskelly, C.; Innes, J. 2008. City slickers. Forest & Bird 330: 36-38.
Powlesland, R.G.; Moran, L.R.; Wotton, D.M. 2011. Satellite tracking of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) in Southland, New Zealand: impacts, movements and home range. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 35: 229-235.
Robertson, C.J.R.; Hyvonen, P.; Fraser, M.J.; Pickard, C.R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand, 1999-2004. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
Thorsen, M.; Innes, J.; Nugent, G.; Prime, K. 2004. Parental care and growth rates of New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) nestlings. Notornis 51: 136-140.
Recommended citation
Powlesland, R.G. 2013 [updated 2017]. New Zealand pigeon. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online.www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
New Zealand pigeon
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Pigeon Sounds Mp3
Websites
Kereru Discovery http://www.kererudiscovery.org.nz/
Project Kereru http://www.projectkereru.org.nz/
Kereru Awhina Project http://www.kereru.org.nz
Kereru Taonga PowerPoint presentation http://www.slideserve.com/oro/kereru-he-taonga-tuku-iho
Game pigeon 8 ball red dot. References
Clout, M. 1990. The kereru and its forests. Birds International 2: 11-19.
Clout, M.N.; Karl, B.J.; Pierce, R.J.; Robertson, H.A. 1995. Breeding and survival of New Zealand pigeons Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae. Ibis 137: 264-271.
Emeny, M.T.; Powlesland, R.G.; Henderson, I.M.; Fordham, R.A. 2009. Feeding ecology of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) in podocarp-hardwood forest, Whirinaki Forest Park, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 33: 114-124.
Heather, B.D.; Robertson, H.A. 2005. The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Viking, Auckland.
Higgins, P.J.; Davies, S.J.J.F. (Eds.) 1996. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. Vol. 3, snipe to pigeons. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Powlesland, R.; Miskelly, C.; Innes, J. 2008. City slickers. Forest & Bird 330: 36-38.
Powlesland, R.G.; Moran, L.R.; Wotton, D.M. 2011. Satellite tracking of kereru (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) in Southland, New Zealand: impacts, movements and home range. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 35: 229-235.
Robertson, C.J.R.; Hyvonen, P.; Fraser, M.J.; Pickard, C.R. 2007. Atlas of bird distribution in New Zealand, 1999-2004. Ornithological Society of New Zealand, Wellington.
Thorsen, M.; Innes, J.; Nugent, G.; Prime, K. 2004. Parental care and growth rates of New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) nestlings. Notornis 51: 136-140.
Recommended citation
Powlesland, R.G. 2013 [updated 2017]. New Zealand pigeon. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online.www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz
New Zealand pigeon
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Pigeon Sounds Mp3
Pigeon Sounds Audio
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- Incubation behaviour
- shared
- Incubation length (mean)
- 28.5
- Incubation length (min)
- 27 days
- Incubation length (max)
- 30 days
- Nestling type
- altricial
- Nestling period (mean)
- Unknown
- Nestling period (min)
- 30 days
- Nestling period (max)
- 45 days
- Age at fledging (mean)
- Unknown
- Age at fledging (min)
- 30 days
- Age at fledging (max)
- 45 days
- Age at independence (mean)
- Unknown
- Age at first breeding (typical)
- Unknown
- Maximum longevity
- 21 years
- Maximum dispersal
- Unknown
I have never purposefully meditated in my life, not even once… I understand the how & why, I even read David Lynchs book on the subject… but I have always thought that some of what I do is totally meditative & as it also actually achieves something I figured that I should just do more of it. And that something is recording ambiences. Heres a little montage of locations from the West Coast of the South Island where I've spent lots of time recording:
The last one is a fantastic place to visit during a storm. Punakaiki or Pancake Rocks is a limestone coastal inlet which is riddled with blow holes… Heres a recording of air being blown out of a blow hole – the actual ocean is about 500m away and as a wave surges in, air is forced out through these blow holes… I could well imagine finding this place a few centuries ago & on a stormy night easily believing a Taniwhi lived here!
Heres a recording of the Devils Basin, a large inlet where the waves just pound in & spray goes flying!
download Wavespray mp3
The fantastic thing about recording ambiences is with good equipment it really is like having supersonic hearing! Many times I have been sitting in bush, with my eyes closed listening to the environment & suddenly almost ducked because I could hear a birds wings swooshing towards me…. only to open my eyes & discover its 20 metres away!
One beautiful recording I made totally by accident was of wood pigeons flying away. I was driving around the countryside with the car window down, listening for any interesting bird calls & I stopped by a tree where I was sure I'd heard one. I quietly got out of the car, set the recorder rolling & went to ID the recording. Just as I side the ‘t' of ‘this will be…' an entire tree full of wood pigeons flew off. I froze & held the mics as still as I could & captured this beautiful sound:
